Cold Chain
Also known as: Cold Chain Logistics, Temperature-Controlled Supply Chain, Refrigerated Logistics
Definition
Cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain that maintains products within specified temperature ranges from production through delivery to the end consumer. Breaking the cold chain can render products unsafe or ineffective.
Temperature Ranges
Different products require different temperature maintenance:
| Category | Temperature Range | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Frozen | -4°F to 14°F (-20°C to -10°C) | Ice cream, frozen meals |
| Refrigerated | 35°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C) | Dairy, vaccines, fresh meat |
| Cool | 46°F to 59°F (8°C to 15°C) | Chocolate, some produce |
| Controlled Room Temp | 59°F to 77°F (15°C to 25°C) | Many pharmaceuticals |
Cold Chain Components
- Refrigerated storage - Temperature-controlled warehouses
- Reefer trucks - Refrigerated trailers for ground transport
- Insulated packaging - Coolers, gel packs, dry ice
- Temperature monitoring - Data loggers that record conditions
- Trained handlers - Staff who understand protocols
Industries Relying on Cold Chain
- Food and beverage - Largest segment
- Pharmaceuticals - Vaccines, insulin, biologics
- Healthcare - Blood products, organs, specimens
- Chemicals - Temperature-sensitive compounds
- Cosmetics - Some skincare products
Challenges
- Higher shipping costs (2-3x standard shipping)
- Complex compliance requirements
- Risk of spoilage from delays
- Seasonal capacity constraints
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