International Shipping Intermediate

X-Ray Inspection

Also known as: Container Scanning, Non-Intrusive Inspection, NII

Definition

X-ray inspection scans cargo containers and packages to detect threats, contraband, or discrepancies without physically opening them. It’s a key security tool at ports, borders, and shipping facilities.

Types of X-Ray Systems

System Use Case
Portal scanners Drive-through for trucks
Mobile units Flexible deployment
Pallet scanners Air cargo, warehouses
Parcel scanners Package inspection
Handheld Targeted inspection

What X-Ray Detects

  • Weapons and explosives
  • Contraband (drugs, counterfeit goods)
  • Undeclared cargo
  • Stowaways
  • Density anomalies
  • Hidden compartments

Where Inspection Occurs

Ports of entry:

  • Seaports (container terminals)
  • Land borders
  • Airports (cargo facilities)

In-country:

  • Distribution centers
  • Postal facilities
  • Customs examination stations

X-Ray vs. Physical Inspection

X-Ray Physical
Non-intrusive Opens container
Fast screening Time-consuming
Identifies targets Confirms findings
Lower cost per scan Higher cost
May miss some items Thorough

Impact on Shipping

  • Random or targeted selection
  • Minimal delay if cleared
  • Hours/days if flagged
  • Costs typically absorbed by importer
  • C-TPAT members may have fewer inspections

Reducing Inspection Risk

  • Accurate documentation
  • Trusted shipper programs
  • Consistent shipping patterns
  • Known supplier relationships
  • Security certifications
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