RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification)
Also known as: Radio-Frequency Identification, RFID Tag, RFID Tracking
Definition
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. In logistics, RFID enables automated inventory counting, real-time tracking, and improved supply chain visibility.
How RFID Works
- RFID tag - Chip and antenna attached to item
- RFID reader - Emits radio waves
- Tag activation - Waves power the tag (passive) or activate it (active)
- Data transmission - Tag sends unique identifier back
- System processing - Reader forwards data to software
Types of RFID Tags
| Type | Power Source | Range | Cost | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive | Reader’s signal | 1-30 feet | $0.05-0.15 | Item-level retail |
| Active | Internal battery | 300+ feet | $5-25 | Container tracking |
| Semi-passive | Battery + reader | 30-100 feet | $1-5 | Temperature sensors |
RFID vs. Barcodes
| Feature | RFID | Barcode |
|---|---|---|
| Line of sight | Not required | Required |
| Read speed | 1000s per second | One at a time |
| Read range | Up to 300 feet | Inches |
| Data storage | Read/write capable | Read only |
| Durability | More durable | Scratches affect readability |
| Cost | Higher | Lower |
Logistics Applications
Inventory Management
- Automated cycle counts
- Real-time stock visibility
- Reduced shrinkage
Warehouse Operations
- Dock door tracking
- Automated receiving
- Pick verification
Supply Chain
- Shipment tracking
- Proof of delivery
- Anti-counterfeiting
Implementation Challenges
- Higher cost than barcodes
- Metal and liquid interference
- Tag placement considerations
- Reader infrastructure investment
- System integration complexity
Industry Adoption
- Retail (Walmart, Target mandate RFID)
- Healthcare (surgical instruments, medications)
- Automotive (parts tracking)
- Aerospace (tool tracking, maintenance)
- Apparel (item-level tracking standard)
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